DASH Archives - November 2014

Neurocreator - A Universal Model for Creators?

From: Mal Williamson <emailneurocreator@GMAIL.COM>

Date: Mon, 3 Nov 2014 14:56:54 +0000

apologies for cross-posting

Hello Creators,

the inaugural journal of Neurocreator introduces a different way of looking at how creators do what we do.

From the traditions of general semantics, neuro-linguistics, changework therapies and the latest explorations of neuroscience comes an approach that is already transforming creators' lives.

For instance, the concepts of inspiration and the muse are based on very old ideas -  such as the belief system of the Roman Empire and their gods!  Surely in the 21st Century we can get closer to the reality of the creative process? 

http://www.journal.neurocreator.com offers a new and effective approach. In this issue:

  • interviews with artists & illustrators
  • what neuroscience is discovering about music
  • designing websites with neuro-linguistics
  • an introduction to general semantics 
  • meditation & yoga
  • media & art reviews using the neurocreator model
  • a call for more creative producers in the arts
  • 50 pages ideal for smartphone and desktop viewing

Neurocreator techniques are used everyday at Creator College, based in the
centre of Hull - UK City of Culture 2017. So this is not only a cohesive theoretical position but is practical and effective as we are researching new tools for the arts, education & creative industries. 

  • first 16 pages open FREE to all
  • list owners please be in touch for FREE access code for complete journal
  • £4.99 per quarterly issue, printed versions available to order online

We welcome submissions and articles from the fields of neuroscience, linguistics, general semantics, shamanic studies, changework therapies, creative industries and especially from teaching in the arts. 

Please contact the editor with your ideas first because currently we have no budget for articles so do not want to take up your time with no reward. We will change this policy as subscriptions come in. Talk to Mal Williamson on emailneurocreator@gmail.com.

We welcome created works too - using neurocreator techniques, understandings, explorations and responses. 

We are in this to create value and enhancements for creative industries, education and artists. How can we all go that extra bit further with our work and success?

Contributors so far include artists, therapists, research scientists and educators - all exploring new considerations of the creative process and practice that combine up-to-date knowledge with these tried and tested methods.


Many thanks,

Mal






























*apologies for cross-posting*

Hello Creators,

the inaugural journal of Neurocreator introduces a different way of looking
at how creators do what we do.

From the traditions of general semantics, neuro-linguistics, changework
therapies and the latest explorations of neuroscience comes an approach
that is already transforming creators' lives.

For instance, the concepts of inspiration and the muse are based on very
old ideas -  such as the belief system of the Roman Empire and their gods!
Surely in the 21st Century we can get closer to the reality of the creative
process?

http://www.journal.neurocreator.com offers a new and effective approach. In
this issue:


   - *interviews with artists & illustrators*
   - *what neuroscience is discovering about music*
   - *designing websites with neuro-linguistics*
   - *an introduction to general semantics *
   - *meditation & yoga*
   - *media & art reviews using the neurocreator model*
   - *a call for more creative producers in the arts*
   - *50 pages ideal for smartphone and desktop viewing*


Neurocreator techniques are used everyday at Creator College, based in the
centre of Hull - UK City of Culture 2017. So this is not only a cohesive
theoretical position but is practical and effective as we are researching
new tools for the arts, education & creative industries.


   - *first 16 pages open FREE to all*
   - *list owners please be in touch for FREE access code for complete
   journal*
   - *£4.99 per quarterly issue, printed versions available to order online*


We welcome submissions and articles from the fields of neuroscience,
linguistics, general semantics, shamanic studies, changework therapies,
creative industries and especially from teaching in the arts.

Please contact the editor with your ideas first because currently we have
no budget for articles so do not want to take up your time with no reward.
We will change this policy as subscriptions come in. Talk to Mal Williamson
on emailneurocreator@gmail.com.

We welcome created works too - using neurocreator techniques,
understandings, explorations and responses.

We are in this to create value and enhancements for creative industries,
education and artists. How can we all go that extra bit further with our
work and success?

Contributors so far include artists, therapists, research scientists and
educators - all exploring new considerations of the creative process and
practice that combine up-to-date knowledge with these tried and tested
methods.

http://journal.neurocreator.com

Many thanks,

Mal


2nd call: Show Me Your Dashboard - Digital Methods Winter School 2015 - Univ. of Amsterdam

From: Liliana Bounegru <uva.liliana.bounegru@GMAIL.COM>

Date: Fri, 21 Nov 2014 14:23:37 +0100

This is the second call for participation in the Digital Methods Winter School at the University of Amsterdam, 12-16 January 2015. The deadline for applications is 8 December 2014.

Together with Nathaniel Tkacz on dashboard critique (Univ Warwick) and Carolin Gerlitz on social media metrics (Univ Amsterdam), new speakers have confirmed from SumOfUs, UNICEF, TckTckTck, Climate Action Network and the Dutch design agency Clever Franke. We are also joined by the Density Design Lab, Milan.

SHOW ME YOUR DASHBOARD

New Media Monitoring and Data Analytics as Critical Practice

Digital Methods Winter School, Data Sprint and Mini-Conference 


12-16 January 2015 | Digital Methods Winter School 
Digital Methods Initiative | http://www.digitalmethods.net/
Media Studies | University of Amsterdam
The Digital Methods Initiative (DMI), Amsterdam, is pleased to announce its 7th annual Winter School, on New Media Monitoring and Data Analytics as Critical Practice. The format is that of a data sprint, with hands-on work on media monitoring with data analytics, and a Mini-conference, where PhD candidates, motivated scholars and advanced graduate students present short papers on digital methods and new media related topics, and receive feedback from the Amsterdam group of DMI researchers and international participants. Participants need not give a paper at the Mini-conference to attend the Winter School.

The focus of this year's Winter School is on how online media monitoring is currently done by non-governmental (NGOs) such as treealerts.org, and it seeks to identify practices that could fill in the notion of critical data analytics. For the occasion we have invited academics to present on the state of the art of online media monitoring by focusing on three areas where there is both innovation as well as repurposing of techniques normally associated with marketing, business intelligence and the work of digital agencies: issue discovery and language placement (who's carrying the conversation), engagement and public fund-raising (when do images and other engagement formats ‘work’?) and crisis communication (who is making the calls when there is a breakdown?). At the Winter School social media analysts and communications specialists from NGOs will present on the state of the art of media monitoring, their current analytical needs and what the Internet can continue to add with respect to new data sources as well as monitoring techniques. We will also ask each of the organizations to show us their dashboards. 

The first day kicks off with Nathaniel Tkacz from the University of Warwick who will talk about Dashboards and Data Signals, and the desire to control the data deluge. The second keynote speaker is Carolin Gerlitz from the University of Amsterdam who will talk about new media metrics critique. Next a series of online media monitoring dashboards and methods will be presented. The Dutch design agency Clever Franke will show TrendViz. Soenke Lorenzen of Greenpeace International, Eoin Dubsky of SumOfUs, Dounia Kchiere of UNICEF, and Christian Teriete of TckTckTck will be talking about media monitoring at their respective organisations. Next will be project pitches by Ria Voorhaar of the Climate Action Network, Danie Stockmann of Leiden University, Jonathan Gray of the Open Knowledge Foundation and Alberto Abellan of Social Alto Analytics.


After the the first day of talks as well as dashboard show and tell, the data sprint commences, whereupon the attendees, including analysts, designers and programmers, undertake empirical projects that address the state of the art in NGO online media data analysis. We work on projects that seek to meet the current analytical needs. The week closes with presentations of the outcomes as well as a festive celebration. During the week there is also an evening of talks and a debate with Jimmy Wales, co-founder of Wikipedia, at the nearby Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Science.

The theme of the 2015 Winter School furthers the analytical collaboration between the Digital Methods Initiative and NGO media analysts, including Soenke Lorenzen of Greenpeace International. Previously workshop facilitators and collaborators have included representatives from Human Rights WatchAssociation for Progressive CommunicationsWomen on WavesCarbon Trade WatchCorporate Observatory Europe and Fair Phone. In preparation for the sprint we also have developed how-to worksheets on New Media Monitoring and Tooling that take as their case studies NGO issue mappings with digital methods. Upon conclusion we aim to compile the Sprint projects from the Winter School, and combine them with the how-to sheets to produce an open access publication on NGO media monitoring. All participants are invited to contribute.

Digital Methods Winter School Data Sprint 

A data sprint is a workshop format for intensive, empirical project work, where analysts, programers, designers and subject matter experts collaborate to output research. This year's data sprint is devoted to new media monitoring with data analytics, and particularly its critical practice. Broadly speaking, media monitoring is understood as the process of reading, watching or listening to the editorial content of media sources on a continuing basis, and then identifying, analyzing and saving materials that contain specific themes, topics, keywords, names, forms or formats. Monitoring the editorial content of news sources including newspapers, magazines, trade journals, TV shows, radio programs and specific websites is by far the most common form of media monitoring, but most organizations increasingly monitor social media online, and its impact on the diffusion of news in all media or in online conversation (including the comment space) more generally. Most companies, government agencies, not-for-profit organizations utilize media monitoring as a tool to study the "meaning of mentions" of their organization, its campaigns and slogans, and gain some sense of the composition of their audiences, and what animates them (or keeps them quiet).

During the first day of the data sprint academics studying online media monitoring will present the state of the art of the field, focusing on three areas: issue discovery and issue language placement (who is the carrying the conversation, and which voices are continually elided?), engagement and fundraising communication (how are audiences and funders reacting to so-called 'faces of need' and other formats and calls for engagement?) and crisis communication (when there is a breakdown, who makes the calls?). Representatives from leading NGOs will present to the attendees how they practice online media monitoring, the look of their dashboards and the analytical needs that drive them. What are these experts able to accomplish with the techniques available to them, and which questions remain unanswered? What are the critical media monitoring practices and questions that are specific to NGOs? How to conceptualize and operationalize issue discovery, engagement for fundraising and crisis monitoring? We will ask the NGO communications experts to address these questions. We also will ask them what they think digital methods and issue mapping may add to the outputs of media monitoring.

The conversations with the experts will serve as starting points for winter school attendees - including analysts, designers and programmers - to develop into empirical projects that aim to answer research questions, and develop further techniques for media monitoring online.

Digital Methods Mini-Conference at the Winter School 

The annual Digital Methods Mini-Conference at the Winter School, normally a one-day affair, provides the opportunity for digital methods and allied researchers to present short yet complete papers (5,000-7,500 words) and serve as respondents, providing feedback. Often the work presented follows from previous Digital Methods Summer Schools. The mini-conference accepts papers in the general digital methods and allied areas: the hyperlink and other natively digital objects, the website as archived object, web historiographies, search engine critique, Google as globalizing machine, cross-spherical analysis and other approaches to comparative media studies, device cultures, national web studies, Wikipedia as cultural reference, the technicity of (networked) content, post-demographics, platform studies, crawling and scraping, graphing and clouding, and similar.

Key dates 

The deadline for application is 8 December 2014. To apply please send along a letter of motivation as well as your CV to winterschool [at] digitalmethods.net, with DMI Winter School in the subject header. Notifications will be sent on 9 December. If you are participating in the Mini-conference the deadline for submission of paper titles, abstracts and bios is also 8 December, with DMI Mini-conference & Winter School in the subject header. Please send your materials to winterschool [at] digitalmethods.net
. To attend the Winter School, you need not participate in the Mini-conference. Deadline for submission of complete papers (5,000-7,500 words)
 is 6 January 2015. The program and schedule are available on 7 January.

Fees & Logistics 

The fee for the Digital Methods Winter School 2015 is EUR 295. Bank transfer information will be sent along with the notification on 9 December 2014. The Winter School is self-catered. The venue is in the center of Amsterdam with abundant coffee houses and lunch places. Participants are expected to find their own housing (airbnb and other short-stay sites are helpful). During the week there is an evening at the Royal Academy with Jimmy Wales of Wikipedia. The Winter School closes on Friday with a festive event, after the final presentations. Here is a guide to the Amsterdam new media scene. For further questions, please contact the organizers, Liliana Bounegru, Natalia Sanchez and Saskia Kok, at winterschool@digitalmethods.net

About DMI

The Digital Methods Winter School is part of the Digital Methods Initiative, Amsterdam, dedicated to reworking method for Internet-related research. The Digital Methods Initiative holds the annual Digital Methods Summer Schools (eight to date), which are intensive and full time 2-week undertakings in the Summertime. The 2015 Summer School will take place 29 June - 10 July 2015. The coordinators of the Digital Methods Initiative are Sabine Niederer and Esther Weltevrede (PhD candidates in New Media & Digital Culture, University of Amsterdam), and the director is Richard Rogers, Professor of New Media & Digital Culture, University of Amsterdam. Liliana Bounegru is the managing director. Digital methods are online at http://www.digitalmethods.net/. The DMI about page includes a substantive introduction, and also a list of Digital Methods people, with bios. DMI holds occasional Autumn and Spring workshops, such as recent ones on mapping climate change and vulnerability indexes as well as on studying right-wing extremism and populism online. There is also a Digital Methods book (MIT Press, 2013), papers and articles by DMI researchers as well as Digital Methods tools.

See you in the winter time in Amsterdam!

Image credit: 
Online resonance of the international climate change issue agenda, EMAPS data sprint, Amsterdam, April 2014.  



























This is the second call for participation in the Digital Methods Winter
School at the University of Amsterdam, 12-16 January 2015. The deadline for
applications is 8 December 2014.

Together with Nathaniel Tkacz on dashboard critique (Univ Warwick) and
Carolin Gerlitz on social media metrics (Univ Amsterdam), new speakers have
confirmed from SumOfUs, UNICEF, TckTckTck, Climate Action Network and the
Dutch design agency Clever Franke. We are also joined by the Density Design
Lab, Milan.

SHOW ME YOUR DASHBOARD
New Media Monitoring and Data Analytics as Critical Practice
Digital Methods Winter School, Data Sprint and Mini-Conference


*12-16 January 2015 | Digital Methods Winter School *
*Digital Methods Initiative | http://www.digitalmethods.net/
**Media Studies | University of Amsterdam*
*https://wiki.digitalmethods.net/Dmi/WinterSchool2015*


The Digital Methods Initiative (DMI), Amsterdam, is pleased to announce its
7th annual Winter School, on New Media Monitoring and Data Analytics as
Critical Practice. The format is that of a data sprint, with hands-on work
on media monitoring with data analytics, and a Mini-conference, where
PhD candidates, motivated scholars and advanced graduate students present
short papers on digital methods and new media related topics, and receive
feedback from the Amsterdam group of DMI researchers and international
participants. Participants need not give a paper at the Mini-conference to
attend the Winter School.

The focus of this year's Winter School is on how online media monitoring is
currently done by non-governmental (NGOs) such as treealerts.org, and it
seeks to identify practices that could fill in the notion of critical data
analytics. For the occasion we have invited academics to present on the
state of the art of online media monitoring by focusing on three areas
where there is both innovation as well as repurposing of techniques
normally associated with marketing, business intelligence and the work of
digital agencies: issue discovery and language placement (who's carrying
the conversation), engagement and public fund-raising (when do images and
other engagement formats ‘work’?) and crisis communication (who is making
the calls when there is a breakdown?). At the Winter School social media
analysts and communications specialists from NGOs will present on the state
of the art of media monitoring, their current analytical needs and what the
Internet can continue to add with respect to new data sources as well as
monitoring techniques. We will also ask each of the organizations to show
us their dashboards.

 The first day kicks off with Nathaniel Tkacz from the University of
Warwick who will talk about Dashboards and Data Signals
, and the desire to
control the data deluge. The second keynote speaker is Carolin Gerlitz from
the University of Amsterdam who will talk about new media metrics critique.
Next a series of online media monitoring dashboards and methods will be
presented. The Dutch design agency Clever Franke will show TrendViz
. Soenke Lorenzen of Greenpeace
International, Eoin Dubsky of SumOfUs, Dounia Kchiere of UNICEF, and
Christian Teriete of TckTckTck will be talking about media monitoring at
their respective organisations. Next will be project pitches by Ria
Voorhaar of the Climate Action Network, Danie Stockmann of Leiden
University, Jonathan Gray of the Open Knowledge Foundation and Alberto
Abellan of Social Alto Analytics.

After the the first day of talks as well as dashboard show and tell, the
data sprint commences, whereupon the attendees, including analysts,
designers and programmers, undertake empirical projects that address the
state of the art in NGO online media data analysis. We work on projects
that seek to meet the current analytical needs. The week closes with
presentations of the outcomes as well as a festive celebration. During the
week there is also an evening of talks and a debate with Jimmy Wales
, co-founder of Wikipedia, at the
nearby Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Science
.

The theme of the 2015 Winter School furthers the analytical collaboration
between the Digital Methods Initiative and NGO media analysts, including
Soenke Lorenzen of Greenpeace International
. Previously
workshop facilitators and collaborators have included representatives
from Human
Rights Watch , Association for Progressive
Communications , Women on Waves
, Carbon Trade Watch
, Corporate Observatory Europe
 and Fair Phone . In
preparation for the sprint we also have developed how-to worksheets on New
Media Monitoring and Tooling that take as their case studies NGO issue
mappings with digital methods. Upon conclusion we aim to compile the Sprint
projects from the Winter School, and combine them with the how-to sheets to
produce an open access publication on NGO media monitoring. All
participants are invited to contribute.
Digital Methods Winter School Data Sprint A data sprint is a workshop
format for intensive, empirical project work, where analysts, programers,
designers and subject matter experts collaborate to output research. This
year's data sprint is devoted to new media monitoring with data analytics,
and particularly its critical practice. Broadly speaking, media monitoring
is understood as the process of reading, watching or listening to the
editorial content of media sources on a continuing basis, and then
identifying, analyzing and saving materials that contain specific themes,
topics, keywords, names, forms or formats. Monitoring the editorial content
of news sources including newspapers, magazines, trade journals, TV shows,
radio programs and specific websites is by far the most common form of
media monitoring, but most organizations increasingly monitor social media
online, and its impact on the diffusion of news in all media or in online
conversation (including the comment space) more generally. Most companies,
government agencies, not-for-profit organizations utilize media monitoring
as a tool to study the "meaning of mentions" of their organization, its
campaigns and slogans, and gain some sense of the composition of their
audiences, and what animates them (or keeps them quiet).

During the first day of the data sprint academics studying online media
monitoring will present the state of the art of the field, focusing on
three areas: issue discovery and issue language placement (who is the
carrying the conversation, and which voices are continually elided?),
engagement and fundraising communication (how are audiences and funders
reacting to so-called 'faces of need' and other formats and calls for
engagement?) and crisis communication (when there is a breakdown, who makes
the calls?). Representatives from leading NGOs will present to the
attendees how they practice online media monitoring, the look of their
dashboards and the analytical needs that drive them. What are these experts
able to accomplish with the techniques available to them, and which
questions remain unanswered? What are the critical media monitoring
practices and questions that are specific to NGOs? How to conceptualize and
operationalize issue discovery, engagement for fundraising and crisis
monitoring? We will ask the NGO communications experts to address these
questions. We also will ask them what they think digital methods and issue
mapping may add to the outputs of media monitoring.

The conversations with the experts will serve as starting points for winter
school attendees - including analysts, designers and programmers - to
develop into empirical projects that aim to answer research questions, and
develop further techniques for media monitoring online.Digital Methods
Mini-Conference at the Winter School

The annual Digital Methods Mini-Conference at the Winter School, normally a
one-day affair, provides the opportunity for digital methods and allied
researchers to present short yet complete papers (5,000-7,500 words) and
serve as respondents, providing feedback. Often the work presented follows
from previous Digital Methods Summer Schools. The mini-conference accepts
papers in the general digital methods and allied areas: the hyperlink and
other natively digital objects, the website as archived object, web
historiographies, search engine critique, Google as globalizing machine,
cross-spherical analysis and other approaches to comparative media studies,
device cultures, national web studies, Wikipedia as cultural reference, the
technicity of (networked) content, post-demographics, platform studies,
crawling and scraping, graphing and clouding, and similar.
Key dates The deadline for application is 8 December 2014. To apply please
send along a letter of motivation as well as your CV to winterschool [at]
digitalmethods.net, with DMI Winter School in the subject header. Notifications
will be sent on 9 December. If you are participating in the Mini-conference
the deadline for submission of paper titles, abstracts and bios is also 8
December, with DMI Mini-conference & Winter School in the subject
header. Please
send your materials to winterschool [at] digitalmethods.net . To attend the
Winter School, you need not participate in the Mini-conference. Deadline
for submission of complete papers (5,000-7,500 words) is 6 January 2015.
The program and schedule are available on 7 January.
Fees & Logistics

The fee for the Digital Methods Winter School 2015 is EUR 295. Bank
transfer information will be sent along with the notification on 9 December
2014. The Winter School is self-catered. The venue is in the center of
Amsterdam with abundant coffee houses and lunch places. Participants are
expected to find their own housing (airbnb and other short-stay sites are
helpful). During the week there is an evening at the Royal Academy with
Jimmy Wales of Wikipedia. The Winter School closes on Friday with a festive
event, after the final presentations. Here is a guide to the Amsterdam new
media scene . For
further questions, please contact the organizers, Liliana Bounegru, Natalia
Sanchez and Saskia Kok, at winterschool@digitalmethods.net.
About DMI

The Digital Methods Winter School is part of the Digital Methods
Initiative, Amsterdam, dedicated to reworking method for Internet-related
research. The Digital Methods Initiative holds the annual Digital Methods
Summer Schools (eight to date), which are intensive and full time 2-week
undertakings in the Summertime. The 2015 Summer School will take place 29
June - 10 July 2015. The coordinators of the Digital Methods Initiative are
Sabine Niederer and Esther Weltevrede (PhD candidates in New Media &
Digital Culture, University of Amsterdam), and the director is Richard
Rogers, Professor of New Media & Digital Culture, University of Amsterdam.
Liliana Bounegru is the managing director. Digital methods are online at
http://www.digitalmethods.net/. The DMI about page includes a substantive
introduction, and also a list of Digital Methods people, with bios. DMI
holds occasional Autumn and Spring workshops, such as recent ones on mapping
climate change and vulnerability indexes
 as well as on studying
right-wing extremism and populism
 online. There
is also a Digital Methods book
 (MIT Press, 2013), papers
and articles  by
DMI researchers as well as Digital Methods tools
.

See you in the winter time in Amsterdam!

Image credit:
Online resonance of the international climate change issue agenda
,
EMAPS data sprint, Amsterdam, April 2014.


Midlands3Cities Application Writing Workshop

From: Dale Bilson <D.C.Bilson@BHAM.AC.UK>

Date: Wed, 26 Nov 2014 12:11:30 +0000

 

With apologies for cross-posting

 

List members may be interested to hear of a PhD Funding Application Writing Workshop, hosted this Saturday by the University of Birmingham and Birmingham City University.

 

The event is an excellent opportunity for prospective PhD students to meet academics and peers, gain an insight into life as a funded PhD student, and receive tailored advice on their application.

 

Registration and details of the event can be found here: http://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/midlands3cities-dtp-studentships-2015-application-writing-workshop-birmingham-tickets-14316090813?aff=eorg

 

Registration for the event closes tonight (26th November) at midnight.

 

Please pass this message on to any interested parties.

 

Dale Bilson

College of Arts and Law

University of Birmingham

 

0121 414 3618 (ext 43618)

d.c.bilson@bham.ac.uk

 

Follow the wise graduate owl, @Al_from_CAL, for twitter updates, insights and news from the College of Arts and Law Graduate School.

 

The contents of this email may be privileged and are confidential.  It may not be disclosed to or used by anyone other than the addressee, nor copied in any way.  If received in error please notify the sender and then delete it from your system.  Should you communicate with me by email you consent to the University of Birmingham monitoring and reading any such correspondence.

 

With apologies for cross-posting

List members may be interested to hear of a PhD Funding Application Writing Workshop, hosted this Saturday by the University of Birmingham and Birmingham City University.

The event is an excellent opportunity for prospective PhD students to meet academics and peers, gain an insight into life as a funded PhD student, and receive tailored advice on their application.

Registration and details of the event can be found here: http://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/midlands3cities-dtp-studentships-2015-application-writing-workshop-birmingham-tickets-14316090813?aff=eorg

Registration for the event closes tonight (26th November) at midnight.

Please pass this message on to any interested parties.

Dale Bilson
College of Arts and Law
University of Birmingham

0121 414 3618 (ext 43618)
d.c.bilson@bham.ac.uk

Follow the wise graduate owl, @Al_from_CAL, for twitter updates, insights and news from the College of Arts and Law Graduate School.

The contents of this email may be privileged and are confidential.  It may not be disclosed to or used by anyone other than the addressee, nor copied in any way.  If received in error please notify the sender and then delete it from your system.  Should you communicate with me by email you consent to the University of Birmingham monitoring and reading any such correspondence.